Ontology-lexica with lemon

John P. McCrae

Semantic Computing Group, Bielefeld University
Session 1 of “Language Resources and Linked Data” Tutorial

Problem

:Cat a owl:Class ;
  rdfs:label "cat"@en ;
  rdfs:label "Katze"@de .

Ontologies

Take a word:
“edema”
And it means something, so we put it in an ontology and give it an identifier (URI):
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Edema
http://de.dbpedia.org/resource/Odem
In fact it (already) has lots of identifiers linked on the web

mesh:D004487 icd10:R60.9 umls:C0013604

Ontologies

Ontology labels

Concepts may be identified by many words
“edema” “edemata” “dropsy”

Inflection and Synonyms

We could introduce an element for each word:

SKOS-XL

Forms

But such a distinction is only useful if we can say why:
“edema” (singular) “edemata” (plural)
Hence, forms are also nodes:

Senses

Sometimes we wish to say something about why a particular word is used
“edema” (modern) “dropsy” (antiquated)
Hence we introduce a sense to describe the usage of a word with a given meaning

The core of lemon

lemon Core

What is an (ontology-)lexicon?

Dictionaries as lexica

Wiktionary as a lexicon

Wiktionary as a lexicon

Wiktionary as a lexicon

Wiktionary as a lexicon

lemon's origins

Design goals

Why lemon: RDF(S)

Why lemon: Conciseness

Why lemon:
Semantics by Reference

Why lemon:
Modular and extensible

Modules

Design Patterns

Why design patterns?

Using the compiler

http://services.lider-project.eu/lemonpatterns


Documentation: https://github.com/jmccrae/lemon.patterns

The Design Patterns Language

Example

@prefix example: <http://www.example.org/example#> .

Lexicon(<http://www.example.org/lexicon>, "en",
  ClassNoun("test", example:Test)
)

Noun Patterns

Noun Patterns

Verb Patterns

Verb Pattern Example

Adjective Patterns

Modifiers

Arguments

Multiword Expressions

Task:

In your language model the following DBpedia properties:

Solution

@prefix dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> .
@prefix dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/> .
@prefix dbp: <http://dbpedia.org/property/> .

Lexicon(<>, "en",
  ClassNoun("person", dbo:Person),
  ClassNoun("surname", dbo:Surname),
  ClassNoun(["given"/noun "name"/noun], dbo:GivenName),
  ObjectPropertyNoun("historian", dbp:profession, dbr:Historian),
  Name("Germany", dbr:Germany),
  IntersectiveObjectPropertyAdjective("German", dbp:nationality, dbr:Germany),
  StateVerb("come", dbp:stateOfOrigin, propObj = PrepositionalObject("from")) 
    with imperfect "came" with past participle "come",
  RelationalAdjective("related", dbp:relative, relationalArg = PrepositionalObject("to")),
  StateVerb("preceed",dbp:predecessor, propSubj = DirectObject, propObj = Subject),
  ConsequenceVerb("marry",dbp:spouse),
  RelationalNoun("husband",dbp:spouse,propObj = PossessiveAdjunct)
)

Summary

Summary